Platanthera

Orchideae subtribe Orchidinae

Terrestrials arising from fasciculate, fleshy, rarely tuberous roots. Stems erect. Leaves basal or along the stem. Inflorescences terminal, scapose, spicate racemes, usually densely-flowered. Flowers often showy, usually of one color. Sepals and petals free, the dorsal sepals and petals appressed forming weekly to strongly developed hood. Lip unlobed or three-lobed, the lobes entire or deeply laciniate-fimbriate, with a cylindric spur. Column short; pollinia 2, each on a viscidium.

A circumboreal genus of about 200 species.

Bowles, M. L. 1983. The tallgrass prairie orchids Platanthera praeclara (Nutt.) Lindl. and Cypripedium candidum Muhl. ex Willd.: some aspects of the status, biology, and ecology, with implications toward management. Natural Areas Journal 3:14-37.

Bowles, M. L., R. Flakne and R. Dombeck 1992. Status and population fluctuations of the eastern prairie fringed orchid [Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl.] in Illinois. Erigenia 12:26-40.

Case, F. W., Jr. 1983. Platanthera x vossii, a new natural hybrid orchid from northern lower Michigan. Michigan Botanist 22(4):141-144.

Catling, P. M. 1984. Self-pollination and probable autogamy in Chamisso’s orchids, Platanthera chorisiana (Cham.) Rchb.f. Natural. Canad. 111:451-453.

Catling, P. M., V. R. Brownell and G. Allen 1999. A new natural hybrid fringed-orchid from Ontario. Lindleyana 14(2):77-86.

Catling, P. M. and V. R. Catling 1989. Observations of the pollination of Platanthera huronensis in southwest Colorado. Lindleyana 4(2):78-84.

Catling, P. M. and V. R. Catling 1994. Identification of Platanthera lacera hybrids (Orchidaceae) from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Lindleyana 9:19-32.

Catling, P. M. and V. R. Catling 1997. Morphological discrimination of Platanthera huronensis in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Lindleyana 12:72-78.

Cole, F. R. and D. H. Firmage 1984. The floral ecology of Platanthera blephariglottis. Amer. J. Bot. 71:700-710.

Coleman, R. A. 1991. The orchid genus Platanthera in California. Fremontia 19(2):19-22.

Defilipps, R. A. 1975. A new combination in Platanthera L. C. Rich. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 44(5):405.

Duxbury, A. J. 1988. The western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara Sheviak & Bowles) in the Great Plains, with particular reference to North Dakota. Proc. North Dakota Acad. Sci. 42:4.

Folsom, J. P. 1984. Una reinterpretacion del estatus y relaciones de las taxa del complejo de Platanthera ciliaris. Orquidea (Mex.) 9(2):321-336.

Hapeman, J. R. 1997. Pollination and floral biology of Platanthera peramoena (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 12(1):19-25.

Inoue, K. 1983. Systematics of the genus Platanthera (Orchidaceae) in Japan and adjacent regions with special reference to pollination. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, sect. 3, Bot. 13:285-374.

Jurcák, J. 1999. Der innere Bau vegetativer Organe einiger europäischer Orchideen (Teil 3). Die Orchidee 50(5):78-80.

Light, M. H. S. and M. MacConaill 1989. Albinism in Platanthera hyperborea. Lindleyana 4(3):158-160.

MacRoberts, M. H. and B. R. MacRoberts 1990. Notes on the occurrence of Platanthera integra (Nutt.) A. Gray ex Beck (Orchidaceae) in western central Louisiana. Phytologia 69(5):378-381.

Nilsson, L. A. 1978. Pollination ecology and adaptation in Platanthera chlorantha (Orchidaceae). Bot. Notiser 131:35-51.

Nilsson, L. A. 1983. Processes of isolation and introgressive interplay between Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. and P. chlorantha (Custer) Reichb. (Orchidaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 87:325-350.

Nilsson, L. A. 1985. Characteristics and distribution of intermediates between Platanthera bifolia and P. chlorantha (Orchidaceae) in the Nordic countries. Nordic J. Bot. 5(5):407-419.

Patt, J. M. ##et al## 1989. Pollination biology of Platanthera stricta (Orchidaceae) in Olympic National Park, Washington. Amer. J. Bot. 76: 1097-1106.

Pleasants, J. M. and S. Moe 1993. Floral display size and pollination of the western prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera praeclara (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 8(1):32-38.

Robertson, J. L. and R. Wyatt 1990. Reproductive biology of the yellow fringed orchid, Platanthera ciliaris. Amer. J. Bot. 77:388-398.

Robertson, J. L. and R. Wyatt 1990. Evidence for pollination ecotypes in the yellow-fringed orchid, Platanthera ciliaris. Evolution 44:121-133.

Schrenck, W. J. 1975. Zum problem der variabilität innerhalb der Gattung Platanthera L. C. Rich. (Habenaria Willd., s. l., p. p.) in Nordamerika. Die Orchidee 26:258-263.

Scrugli, A. and A. Cogoni 1990. Platanthera algeriensis Battandier et Trabut (Orchidaceae), specie nuova per la flora Italiana. Webbia 44(2):307-314.

Sheviak, C. J. 1987. On the occurrence of Platanthera leucophaea in Louisiana and Arkansas. Rhodora 89:347-350.

Sheviak, C. J. 1999. The identities of Platanthera hyperborea and P. huronensis, with the description of a new species from North America. Lindleyana 14(4):193-203.

Sheviak, C. J. and M. L. Bowles 1986. The prairie fringed orchids: a pollinator-isolated species pair. Rhodora 88:267-290.

Sheviak, C. J. and M. Bracht 1998. Chromosome numbers in the Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. complex. North Amer. Native Orchid J. 4:168-172.

Smith, G. R. and G. E. Snow 1976. Pollination ecology of Platanthera (Habenaria) ciliaris and P. blephariglottis (Orchidaceae). Bot. Gaz. 137:133-140.

Spooner, D. M. and J. S. Shelly 1983. The national historic distribution of Platanthera peramoena (A. Gray) A. Gray (Orchidaceae) and its status in Ohio. Rhodora 85:55-64.

Stoutamire, W. P. 1968. Mosquito pollination in Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). Michigan Bot. 7:203-212.

Stoutamire, W. P. 1974. Relationships of the purple-fringed orchids Platanthera psychodes and P. grandiflora. Brittonia 26(1):42-58.

Thien, L. B. 1969. Mosquito pollination of Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 56:232-237.

Thien, L. B. and F. Utech 1970. The mode of pollination in Habenaria obtusata. Amer. J. Bot. 57:1031-1035.

Voss, E. G. and R. E. Riefner, Jr. 1983. A pyralid moth (Lepidoptera) as pollinator of blunt-leaf orchids. Great Lakes Entomologist 16:57-60.

Zettler, L. W., N. S. Ahuja and T. M. McInnis 1996. Insect pollination of the endangered monkey-face orchid (Platanthera integrilabia) in McMinn County, Tennessee -- one last glimpse of a once common spectacle. Castanea 61:14-24.

Zettler, L. W. and J. E. Fairey, III 1990. The status of Platanthera integrilabia, an endangered terrestrial orchid. Lindleyana 5(4):212-217.

Zettler, L. W. and T. M. McInnis, Jr. 1994. Light enhancement of symbitoic seed germination and development of an endangered terrestrial orchid (Platanthera integrilabia). Plant Sci. 102:133-138.