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Paphiopedilum
(pronounced: paff-ee-oh-PED-eh-lum)
Classification
Cypripedioideae. Cribb divides the genus into two subgenera. Subgenus Paphiopedilum, with petals more than twice as long as broad, comprises five sections with 51 species. Subgenus Brachypetalum (synonym: subg. Concoloria (Kraenzlin) Albert and Pettersen)
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Overview
Acaulous terrestrials, lithophytes, and epiphytes forming fan-shaped growths. Leaves alternate, distichous, plain or marbled/mottled. Inflorescences erect, usually scapose, solitary flowers or racemes, simultaneously or sequentially flowered. Flowers variable in color. Dorsal sepal erect, free, the lateral sepals fused into a compound structure (synsepal). Petals free, frequently with warts and(or) trichomes. Lip pouch-shaped. Column short, terminating in a typically shield-shaped staminode; fertile anthers 2, the pollen agglutinated.
Distribution
A genus of 60 species recorded from South India to the Philippines and New Guinea.
Care and Culture Card
See basic growing conditions and care information below.
Grow Paphiopedilum in pots in a coarse terrestrial potting mixture. Mottled-leaved species should be given medium light levels, intermediate temperatures, and steady watering throughout the year. Plain-leaved, solitary-flowered species should be given medium light levels, cool-intermediate temperatures, and steady watering throughout the year. Plain-leaved, pedunculate-flowered species should be given bright light levels, intermediate to warm temperatures, and steady watering throughout the year. Dwarf yellow or white-flowered species should be kept on the dry side during winter months to prevent bacterial rots. ### redo key - forgot emersonii ......................................... P. micranthum
Literature
Albert, V. A. 1994. Cladistic relationships of the slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae: Orchidaceae) from congruent morphological and molecular data. Lindleyana 9:115-132. Albert, V. A. and B. Pettersson 1994. Expansion of genus Paphiopedilum Pfitzer to include all conduplicate-leaved slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae: Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 9(2):133-139. Asher, J. H. 1980-1981. A checklist for the genus Paphiopedilum for 1980-1981. Orchid Digest 44:175-184, 213-228, 45:15-17, 57-62. Asher, J. H. 1983. Paphiopedilum adductum Asher, new species from the Philippines, with notes about Paphiopedilum rothschildianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitz. and Paphiopedilum elliotianum (O’Brien) Fowlie. Orchid Digest 47:213-236. Asher, J. H. 1985. A contribution to the study of Paphiopedilum, subgenus Cochlopetalum, with an enumeration of the species within the subgenus, and a discussion of some modern techniques to evaluate and define species concepts. Orchid Digest 49:15-30. Asher, J. H. 1986. Notes on the genus Paphiopedilum, II. Paphiopedilum supardii Braem & Loeb, spec. nov. -- a new Indonesian species from Borneo. Orchid Digest 50:209-216. Asher, J. H. 1986. Research on the genus Paphiopedilum (Anggrek Kantong) in West Sumatra. Malayan Orchid Rev. 20:58-72. Asher, J. H. and J. H. Beaman 1988. Paphiopedilum richardianum Asher & Beaman: a discussion about its relationship to other members of the section Pardalopetalum. Orchid Digest 52:119-126. Assmann, S. M.and E. Zeiger 1985. Stomatal responses to CO2 in Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium. Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 77:461-464. Atwood, J. T. 1985. Pollination of Paphiopedilum rothschildianum: brood-site deception. Nat. Geogr. Res. 1:247-254. Atwood, J. T. 1989. A new natural hybrid Paphiopedilum from the Philippines. Orchid Review 97(1148):182-185. Averyanov, L. V. 1996. Paphiopedilum helenae, new slipper orchid (Orchidaceae) from the North Vietnam. Bot. Journ. (St.-Petersburg) 81(9):105-110. Averyanov, L. V. 1998. Paphiopedilum hiepii. Orchids 67(3):260-263. Averyanov, L. V., N. T. Hiep, P. K. Loc, and D. D. Huyen 1996. Endangered Vietnamese Paphiopedilums. Part 1. Paphiopedilum helenae. Orchids 65(10):1062-1068. Averyanov, L. V., N. T. Hiep, P. K. Loc, and D. D. Huyen 1996. Endangered Vietnamese Paphiopedilums. Part 2. Paphiopedilum delenatii. Orchids 65(12):1302-1308. Averyanov, L. V., N. T. Hiep, P. K. Loc, and D. D. Huyen. 1997. Endangered Vietnamese Paphiopedilums. Part 3. Paphiopedilum malipoense. Orchids 66(2):150--155. Averyanov, L. V., N. T. Hiep, P. K. Loc, and D. D. Huyen. 1997. Endangered Vietnamese Paphiopedilums. Part 4. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. esquirolei and var. chiwuanum. Orchids 66(4):378--383. Azadehel, H. and P. Mattes 1988. The rediscovery of Paphiopedilum papuanum and Paphiopedilum zieckianum. Orchid Digest 52:33-36. Bänziger, H. 1996. The mesmerizing wart: the pollination strategy of epiphytic lady’s slipper Paphiopedilum villosum (Lindl.) Stein (Orchidaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 121:59-90. Billensteiner, H. 1998. Paphiopedilum violascens Schlechter. J. Orchideenfr. 5(3):179-180. Birk, L. A. 1981. Paphiopedilum fowliei Birk, sp. nov. Orchid Digest 45:63-65. Braem, G. J. 1987. Paphiopedilum sangii, eine neue frauenschuhart der sektion Blepharopetalum (untergattung Sigmatopetalum). Die Orchidee 38:169-172. Braem, G. J. 1988. Zwei neue Arten der Gattung Paphiopedilum. Schlechteriana 1(2):15-22. Braem, G. J. 1988. Paphiopedilum. Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hidesheim. Braem, G. J. 1989. Paphiopedilum mohrianum, a new slipper orchid from Flores Island, Indonesia. Orchid Digest 53(2):73-75. Braem, G. J. 1990. Paphiopedilum sangii. Schlechteriana 4/90:143-148. Braem, G. J. 1991. Paphiopedilum markianum Fowl., another opinion. Orchid Digest 55(2):58. Braem, G. J. 1991. On the priority of Paphiopedilum markianum. Orchid Digest 55(2):59-61. Braem, G. J. 1991. Paphiopedilum henryanum var. christae. Schlechteriana 4/91:157-162. Braem, G. J. 1993. Paphiopedilum fowliei. Schlechteriana 4(1-2): 52-53. Braem, G. J. 1998. Nouveaux Paphiopedilum albinos. Orchid. Cult. & Protect. 36(4):35-38. Braem, G. J. 1999. Taxonomie infragénérique du genre Paphiopedilum. Orchid. Cult. & Protect. 37(1):7-20. Braem, G. J. 1999. Un nouveau taxon pour le genre Paphiopedilum Pfitzer, Paphiopedilum cerveranum Braem. Orchid. Cult. & Protect. 38(2):28-30. Braem, G. J. 2001. Etude critique des additions et des changements intervenus récemment dans le genre Paphiopedilum. Richardiana 1(1):4-19. Braem, G. J., M. L. Baker and C. O. Baker 1997. Paphiopedilum gigantifolium, a new slipper orchid species from the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia). Orchidées, Culture and Protection 30(3):5-12. Braem, G. J. and H. Mohr 1988. Two new species of the genus Paphiopedilum. Schlechteriana 1(2):15-22. Cavestro, W. 1999. Un nouveau Paphiopedilum des Philippines: P. parnatanum W. Cavestro. Orchid. Cult. & Protect. 38(2):30. Cavestro, W. and G. Chiron 1999. Un nouveau Paphiopedilum du Vietnam, P. mirabile W. Cavestro & G. Chiron. Orchid. Cult. & Protect. 38(2):31-34. Cervera, F. 2001. Visiting Paphiopedilum sanderianum in the wild. Orchid Digest 65(2):64-67. Chen, S. and F. Liu 1981. Notes on some species of Paphiopedilum from Yunnan. Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4:163-167. Clark, J. 1998. Orchid portrait: Paphiopedilum rothschildianum. Orchids 67(1):28-37. Clements, M. A. and D. L. Jones 1996. Paphiopedilum striatum (Orchidaceae), a new species from Papua New Guinea. Lasianthera 1(1):2-7. Cribb, P. 1986. The slipper orchids of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Kew Mag. 3(4):159-166. Cribb, P. 1987. The genus Paphiopedilum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Cribb, P. 1999. Wild Paphiopedilums. Orchids 68(4):340-349. Cribb, P. and L. Averyanov 2000. Paphiopedilum henryanum in North Vietnam. Orchid Rev. 108(1232):124-127. Cribb, P. and Y.-B. Luo 1998. Paphiopedilum malipoense in China. Orchid Rev. 106(1224):343-345. Cribb, P. J., Y.-B. Luo, and G. Siu 1999. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. esquirolei in Southern China. Orchid Rev. 107(1228):216-219. Cribb, P. J., Y.-B. Luo, and G. Siu 1999. Paphiopedilum dianthum in South-West China. Orchid Rev. 107(1229):289-291. Cribb, P. J., Y.-B. Luo, and G. Siu 1999. Paphiopedilum concolor (Lindl.) Pfitzer und bellatulum (Rchb.f.) Stein. Die Orchidee 50(4):46-50. Cribb, P. J., Y.-B. Luo, N. McGough and L.-P. Siu 1999. Paphiopedilum micranthum in south-west China. Orchid Rev. 107(1227):149-152. Fessel, H. H., E. Lückel and J. Roth 2000. Paphiopedilum malipoense f. tonnianum, eine neue Variante der Art. Die Orchidee 51(5):[032]-[033]. Fowlie, J. A. 1971. Paphiopedilum chamberlainianum subsp. liemiana Fowl.: a new subspecies of Paphiopedilum chamberlainianum from Sumatra. Orchid Digest 35:53-55. Fowlie, J. A. 1978. Paphiopedilum amabile Hallier rediscovered recently in western Borneo. Orchid Digest 42:28-29. Fowlie, J. A. 1979. Malaya revisited, XIV. Intermediate species resolution among the Phacopetalum ladyslipper orchids from below the Isthmus of Kra to Cambodia. Orchid Digest 43:219-224. Fowlie, J. A. 1981. A new Paphiopedilum species from Mindoro Island in the Philippines, Paphiopedilum urbanianum Fowl. Orchid Digest 45:131-134. Fowlie, J. A. 1985. A new species of Spathopetalum from central Sumatra, Paphiopedilum tortipetalum Fowl. Orchid Digest 49:152-156. Fowlie, J. A. 1990. A new species of section Pardalopetalum, epiphytic on trees in Yunnan, Paphiopedilum markianum Fowl., sp. nov. Orchid Digest 54(3):125-127. Fowlie, J. A. 1991. China: awash in a bitter sea, part VI. Paphiopedilum malipoense in a distinct limestone bluff habitat. Orchid Digest 55(1):4-15. Fowlie, J. A. 1991. Some additional information on Paphiopedilum braemii, an exciting new slipper orchid. Orchid Digest 55(3):115-117. Fowlie, J. A. 1991. An attempt to re-clarify P. godefroyae from the Birdsnest Islands of Chumpon, Thailand. Orchid Digest 55(4):164-166. Fowlie, J. A. 1991. A further attempt to clarify the Mastigopetalum Section species of Paphiopedilum, as they exist in New Guinea and its adjacent islands. Orchid Digest 55(4):182-188. Fuchs, F. and H. Reisinger 1995. Paphiopedilum herrmannii Fuchs et Reisinger, eine neue Frauenschuhart aus Nord-Vietnam. Linzer Biol. Beitr. 27(2):1213-1215. Golamco, A. S., Jr. 1999. Paphiopedilum anitum, Golamco, sp. nov. Waling-Waling Rev. 9-14. Grote, S. 2000. In search of Paphiopedilum barbatum. Orchid Rev. 108(1235):291-294. Gruss, O. 1990. Paphiopedilum tigrinum Koopowitz & Hasegawa -- P. markianum Fowlie. zwei namen für eine neue Paphiopedilum-art. Die Orchidee 41:176-178. Gruss, O. 1990. Paphiopedilum markianum -- P. tigrinum. ein Paphiopedilum mit zwei namen. Die Orchidee 41:208-212. Gruss, O. 1991. Geschichte der Frauenschuhorchideen, ihre nomenklatur und taxonomie. Die Orchidee 42:1-6, 123-127. Gruss, O. 1994. Paphiopedilum gratrixianum (Masters) Guillaumin 1924. Die Orchidee 45(6): Orchideenkartei Seite 785-786. Gruss, O. 1996. Paphiopedilum exul (Ridley) Kerchove 1894. Die Orchidee 48(4): Orchideenkartei Seite 859-860. Gruss, O. 1997. Paphiopedilum lowii (Lindley) Stein 1892. Die Orchidee 48(1): Orchideenkartei Seite 847-848. Gruss, O. 1997. Paphiopedilum bellatulum (Reichenbach f.) Stein 1892. Die Orchidee 48(2): Orchideenkartei Seite 851-852. Gruss, O. 1997. Paphiopedilum haynaldianum (Reichenbach f.) Stein 1892. Die Orchidee 48(2): Orchideenkartei Seite 853-854. Gruss, O. 1997. Paphiopedilum mastersianum (Reichenbach f.) Stein 1892. Die Orchidee 48(5): Orchideenkartei Seite 865-866. Gruss, O. 1997. Paphiopedilum armeniacum var. markii Gruss. Die Orchidee 48(5):215-216. Gruss, O. 1997. Paphiopedilum ? fanaticum Koopowitz et Hasegawa 1992. Die Orchidee 48(6): Orchideenkartei Seite 867-868. Gruss, O. 1998. Paphiopedilum ? greyi Corning 1888. Die Orchidee 49(2): Orchideenkartei Seite 875-876. Gruss, O. 1999. Paphiopedilum sukhakulii f. aureum. Die Orchidee, Suppl. 6:15-16. Gruss, O. and H. Perner 2000. Paphiopedilum vietnamense Gruss et Perner [2]. Die Orchidee 51(4): Orchideenkartei Seite 927-930. Gruss, O. and J. Röth 1995. Paphiopedilum potentianum, a new Paphiopedilum of the Section Barbata. Caesiana 5:39-42. Gruss, O. and J. Röth 1996. Paphiopedilum hennisianum (Schoser ex M. W. Wood) Fowl. var. christiansenii Gruss et Roeth, eine neue Varietät von Paphiopedilum hennisianum. Die Orchidee 47(5):234-236. Gruss, O. and J. Röth 1997. Eine neue Varietät von Paphiopedilum lowii (Lindl.) Stein. Die Orchidee 48(2):71-72. Gruss, O. and J. Röth 1999. Paphiopedilum helenae f. aureum, eine neue Farbvariante. Die Orchidee 50(1):2-3. Gruss, O. and J. Röth 1999. Paphiopedilum usitanum, ein neuer Grauenshuh von den Philippinen. Die Orchidee 50(1):4-6. Gruss, O. and J. Röth 1999. Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum var. saskianum, eine neue und interessante Sippe von der Salomoninsel Malaita. Die Orchidee 50(5):[069]-[071]. Gruss, O. and L. Röllke 2000. Neueinstufung einer fast schon vergessenen Farbform. Die Orchidee 51(4):[024]. Hua, Hu Song 1998. Eine neue Naturhybride der Gattung Paphiopedilum aus China, Paphiopedilum x grussianum. Die Orchidee 49(4):180. Hua, H.-S. 1999. Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. aureum. Orchids 68(3):242-243. Hua, H.-S. 1999. Paphipedilum chaoi, eine neue Art der Gattung aus China. Die Orchidee 50(5):[031]. Johnson, S. R. 1992. Photosynthetic characteristics of Paphiopedilum malipoense and P. micranthum (section Parvisepalum). Lindleyana 7:181-184. Karasawa, K. 1979. Karyomorphological studies in Paphiopedilum, Orchidaceae. Bull. Hiroshima Bot. Gard. 2:1-149. Karasawa, K. 1982. Karyomorphological studies on four species of Paphiopedilum. Bull. Hiroshima Bot. Gard. 5:70-79. Karasawa, K. 1982. The genus Paphiopedilum. Twin Oaks Books, East Lansing. Karasawa, K. 1986. Karyomorphological studies on nine taxa of Paphiopedilum. Bull. Hiroshima Bot. Gard. 8:23-42. Karasawa, K. and M. Aoyama 1981. Morphological studies on leaf of Paphiopedilum. Bull. Hiroshima Bot. Gard. 4:81-87. Karasawa, K. and K. Saito 1982. A revision of the genus Paphiopedilum (Orchidaceae). Bull. Hiroshima Bot. Gard. 5:1-69. Karasawa, K. and R. Tanaka 1980. C-banding study of the centric fission in the chromosomes of Paphiopedilum. Cytologia 45:97-102. Kataki, S. K. 1963. Notes on systematics, cytology and culture of Paphiopedilum venustum (Lindl.) Pfitz. Bull. Bot. Soc. India 5(1):37-38. Koopowitz, H. 1991. Paphiopedilum sriwaniae: a new species of Paphiopedilum from the Philippines. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 60(8):781-784. Koopowitz, H. 1999. Paphiopedilum ooii, a remarkable new slipper orchid from Malaysia. Orchid Digest 63(2):106-107. Koopowitz, H. 1999. Paphiopedilum ooii, a remarkable new slipper orchid from Malaysia. Orchids Austral. 11(4):8-10. Koopowitz, H. 2000. Additional comments on Paphiopedilum ooii. Orchid Digest 64(2):63-64. Koopowitz, H. 2000. A revised checklist of the genus Paphiopedilum. Orchid Digest 64(4):155-179. Koopowitz, H. and P. Cribb 1986. Paphiopedilum emersonii, a remarkable new slipper orchid from China. Orchid Advocate 12(3):84-86. Koopowitz, H. and N. Hasegawa 1990. Paphiopedilum tigrinum: a new species. Orchid Advocate 16(3):76-79. Koopowitz, H. and N. Hasegawa 1990. Paphiopedilum tigrinum, a new slipper orchid species from China. Orchid Review 98(1165):346-349. Koopowitz, H. and N. Hasegawa 1992. Paphiopedilum ? fanaticum. Orchid Advocate 18:48-51. Koopowitz, H. and N. Hasegawa 2000. Paphiopedilum viniferum. Orchid Digest 64(4):148-151. Kramer, R. D. 1992. Paphiopedilum sangii, the platypus of the Paph. world. Australian Orchid Rev. 57(3):9. Lückel, E. 1987. Ein neuer frauenschuh, Paphiopedilum dollii. Die Orchidee 38:266-268. Mattes, P. 1987. Paphiopedilum zieckianum Schos. oder P. papuanum Ridl.? Die Orchidee 38:90-93. Parnata, A. S. 1997. Paphiopedilum ayubii. Australian Orchid Rev. 1997:9-10. Pe, F. T. 1981. A rediscovery of Paphiopedilum wardii Summerhayes. Orchid Digest 45:98-103. Perner, H. 1999. The bitter sea turns sweet: Paph. armeniacum in its natural habitat. Orchid Digest 63(1):27-30. Perner, H. and O. Gruss 1999. Paphiopedilum hangianum, eine neue Art der Gattung aus Vietnam. Die Orchidee, Suppl. 6:3-7. Perner, H. and R. Hermann 2000. Paphiopedilum coccineum Perner & Hermann, ein neuer Frauenschuh aus Vietnam. Die Orchidee 51(5):[094]-[096]. Plested, I. and J. Plested 1991. The habitat and natural growing conditions of Paphiopedilum barbatum. Orchid Rev. 99(1174):262-265. Röth, J. and O. Gruss 1996. Paphiopedilum ? mattesii, ein Naturbastard aus Westmalaysia. Die Orchidee 47(3):129-132. Röth, J. and O. Gruss 1997. Paphiopedilum javanicum (Reinw. ex Lindl.) Pfitz. var. nymphenburgianum Roeth et Gruss. Die Orchidee 48(1):8-10. Schoser, G. 1967. Paphiopedilum zieckianum spec. nov. Schoser. Die Orchidee 18(1):1-7. Schoser, G. and K. Senghas 1965. Paphiopedilum sukhakulii ein unerwarteter fund aus Thailand. Die Orchidee 16:109-110. Senghas, K. and R. Schettler 1999. Paphiopedilum hilmari, eine ungewöhnliche Entdeckung aus Vietnam. J. Orchideenf. 6(1):4. Senghas, K. and R. Schettler 1999. Paphiopedilum hilmari -- Paphiopedilum vietnamense -- Paphiopedilum mirabile. J. Orchideenfr. 6(3):156-161. Stiles, R. A. and J. A. Fowlie 1971. A clarification of Paphiopedilum violascens Schltr. including description of a new, related species from Bougainville, Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum Fowl. Orchid Digest 35:119-122. Taylor, P. 2000. Selected species: Paphiopedilum mastersianum. Orchids Austral. 12(1):8-9. Tsi, Z.-H., Y.-B. Luo, P. J. Cribb, N. McGough, G. Siu and L. Chau 1999. A preliminary report on the population size, ecology, and conservation status of some Paphiopedilum species (Orchidaceae) in southwest China. Lindleyana 14(1):12-23. Waters, V. H. and C. C. Waters 1973. A survey of the slipper orchids. Carolina Press, Shelby, NC. Williams, L. O. 1942. A new Paphiopedilum from netherlands New Guinea. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 10(12):373-375. Zeiger, E., C. Grivet, S. M. Assmann, G. F. Deitzer and M. W. Hannegan 1985. Stomatal limitation to carbon gain in Paphiopedilum sp. (Orchidaceae) and its reversal by blue light. Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 77:456-460.
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